郭国汀:达赖啦嘛论解决西藏问题的原则

达赖啦嘛为解决西藏问题作了不懈的努力。1979年以前,达赖啦嘛主张西藏独立 [1],此后回应邓小平提出的“除了独自,任何事情皆可讨论”的承诺,出于政治现实考量,达赖喇嘛在多种场合明确表示不寻求西藏独立,只要求藏区的真正自 治;力主和平非暴力的“中间道路”,通过真诚对话、谈判解决问题。

1987年,达赖喇嘛提出了解决西藏问题的“五点和平建议”,包括“将整个西藏建成和平区”、“中国放弃向西藏地区移植人口政策”、“尊重西藏人民 的根本人权和民主权利”、“恢复和保护西藏的自然环境”以及“就西藏未来的地位和西藏人民与中国人民之间的关系问题举行诚挚的谈判”。1988年又提出 “斯特拉斯堡建议”:“西藏应当成为一个由它自己支配的民主的政治实体,同中国保持‘联盟’关系”、“由中国政府负责西藏外交事务,但是西藏政府在国外可 以设立宗教、文化等方面的外交办事处”等。

2002年以来,达赖的特使与中共官员举行过九次会谈,但未获任何实质成果。2008年在第八次谈判中,西藏流亡政府提出了一份文件,阐述了其期望 的真实自治的详尽内容,对西藏语言,宗教保护及自然资源的使用、经济和贸易、公共安全和移民管理、与其它国家在文化,教育,科学,宗教等领域的交流等方面 均提出了具体谈判方案与建议,但未得到任何回应。中共统战部官员朱维群对记者称:达赖必须停止分裂祖国的活动、必须公开承认西藏和台湾是中国不可分割的组 成部分、领土和主权没有谈判馀地、大西藏与高度自治违宪,只有达赖完全放弃这些主张,才有谈判的基础。[2] 达赖喇嘛表示,中共对待西藏“几乎是死刑”,他对北京政府的信任愈来愈淡薄,但对中国人民的信心一直未曾动摇过。解决西藏问题的希望,来自中国人 民。[3]“多年来,我们所做的与中国政府改善关系的努力,一直没有取得实质结果,但是我对中国人民一直抱持很大的希望,信心十足”。西藏问题,不是汉藏 民族之间的争端。我们和真正热爱西藏文化的汉人幸福地在一起,结婚、养育孩子。中国帮助我们发展物质,我们可以帮助他们复苏基本的普世价值观:诚实、信 任、慈悲。

西藏问题的和平解决,不但关系到六百万西藏人民的前途与命运,也牵涉到13亿 中国人民的和平未来,事关每个中国人及子孙后代切身长远根本利益。我以为正义,公平,和平理性应当成为和解西藏问题的基本原则。根据达赖啦嘛众多国际演说,兹归纳解决西藏问题的原则如下:

(1)非暴力和坚持真理原则。“抗争须基于‘坚持真理’和非暴力原则”;[4]“假如我们坚持真理和非暴力抗争西藏的正义事业最终将获得胜利”; “重申非暴力作为抗争自由事业的原则。非暴力须作为长期和艰难争取自由的基本原则。这种方法从长远看是最有益也最具实效的”;“西藏人民面对最残酷的镇压 展示了一种不寻常的坚韧,勇气和忍耐的心灵。西藏同胞须坚持反对采取沮丧和不顾一切的暴力行为作为反抗非正义的迫害手段。如果向仇恨让步,会把自已降格成 与迫害者同等的水准。迫害者采用威胁,恐赫,暴力。我们采取的是信仰和依赖真理,正义和理性。这是我们最有效的武器”;[5]“使用暴力反抗强权是自杀。 我们的国家生存的唯一希望是展开建立在正义,真理和永不放弃的决心基础上的非暴力抗争”;[6]“在任何情况下,西藏抗争运动须坚定地保证以非暴力,和平 方式进行”;[7]“基于慈善和非暴力原则,主要是为西藏独特的灵性遗产的生存和保护”;[8]“作为非暴力及和解和合作心灵的坚定信仰者,我始终坚持寻 求防止流血并达成和平解决方案”;[9]“在为自由和正义奋斗的过程中,我一直试图追求非暴力途径以便确保基于相互尊重,友谊和在未来两个民族之间的真正 良好邻邦关系”;[10]“留在西藏的兄弟姐妹们不应丧失对真理最终必胜的信念。我坚信我的人民的信念和心灵牢不可破,坚信邪恶不可能永远持续,诚信并期 望那一天一定会到来,我们为自由和独立的抗争最终必将终止这种邪恶和野蛮的统治;”[11] “欲坚持有效的非暴力抗争,现代化教育至关重要”。[12]

(2)妥协与对话和相互尊重原则。 “解决个体,社区或民族之间的利益冲突,唯一理智和智慧的方法,乃是通过怀着妥协与和解心灵的对话”;[13] “维持广泛深入经常的会谈和实质讨论至关重要,这是消除既存的误解建立信任与信心的唯一途径”;[14]“我相信依勇气,远见和智慧,在相互尊重和友谊的 基础上有可能在西藏和中国之间达成互利的关系”;[15]“我坚信唯有通过和平的手段才能够在我们之间达成更好的理解。我们必须使这个新世纪成为和平和对 话的世纪”;[16]“虽然撒谎和谎言可以暂时欺骗人民,使用武力可以控制人类的身体,但唯有通过适当的理解,公正和相互尊重,才能真正使人类信服并获得 满足”;[17] 没有对话,不可能勾通;不勾通,不可能理解;不理解,不会有信任;缺乏信任,不可能相互尊重,也就无法解决任何问题;因此妥协协商是解决任何争端的最好方 法。

(3)民族自治[18]和环保原则。民族区域自治的目的旨在抛弃大汉族主义和地方民族主义,避免民族压迫和民族分裂,通过赋予各民族当家作主的权 利,保障各少数民族的特性和文化。“谈判必须围绕中国终止严重威胁西藏人民生存的向西藏移民的政策,尊重西藏人的基本人权及实现民主自由的权利,西藏非军 事化和非核武化,归还西藏人民控制他们自已的事务的权利,保护西藏的自然环境。任何谈判必须包括整个西藏,而不仅仅是中国所称之西藏自治区”;[19] “依自由和民主,行使真实的自治,以便保护和培育独特的文化以及保护西藏高原脆弱的生态环境”;[20] “我的梦想是西藏高原能变成一个自由的避难者家园,在那里人类与自然能够和平和谐平衡共处。它将是一个乐园,世界各国人民,可以摆脱外部世界的紧张和压 力,在那里找到寓于他们内心的真实和平的含义”[21]。我的方案西藏人民在中国框架内享受真实的自治。此种互利的解决有助于中国的稳定和统一,同时能确 实保存西藏人民的文明,保护西藏高原脆弱的自然生态环境的基本权利”。[22]“我们寻求在相互尊重和互利的基础上与中国持久友好的关系,我们不寻求与中 国为敌。如果我们选择留在一个国家内,我们将象真正的兄弟姐妹那样共同生活。如果我们选择独立,我们将成为好邻居。与中国之间持久良好关系应当永远成为西 藏的最优先考虑。有关相互能接受的西藏问题的解决方案,我的立场直接了当,我不寻求独立。我寻求的乃是为西藏人民获得真正自治的机会,以便保护他们的文明 和独特的西藏文化,宗教,语言和生活方式得以发展和兴旺。我主要考虑的乃是确保西藏人民和他们自已独特佛教文化遗产的生存。最重要的乃是西藏人民能够处理 自已的国内事务并自由地决定社会,经济和文化的发展”。[23]“西藏和平区的关健要素:整个西藏高原非军事化,禁止核武器和其他武器的制造,试验和存放 核废物,变成世界最大的自然保护公园或态公园。通过严厉的法律保护野生动物和植物,详细约束自然资源的开发,以便保护生态平衡;在居民区采纳可持续发展政 策;禁止制造和使用会对水资源产生危害的核动力和其它技术;国有资源和政策指导促进和平和环保。各种旨在促进和平和保护所有形式生命的组织在西藏发现一个 好客友好的家园;西藏将鼓励旨在促进和保护人权的国际性和区域性组织;西藏的高度和面积及其独特的历史和深厚的性灵遗产,使之特别适合伴演在亚洲战略核心 地带成为和平保护区的角色”[24]。“全球温室效应,每年增长率为0.1,而西藏高原是0.3!如果这种状况继续恶化,可能导致15年或20年后,源于 西藏高原的河流干涸,所以,我很重视环境保护”。[25] 环境保护西藏是亚洲诸多河流的源头,也是世界的屋脊,地大物博,拥有丰富的矿产和森林等资源。西藏民族的环保传统是基于不分人类或动物,敬重一切生命而不 予伤害之理念所产生,因此西藏特殊的环境得到保护。“我最大的担忧是,要恢复遭受严重破坏的生态环境,是一件非常困难的事。特别是西藏高原的生态遭到破 坏,亚洲各大江河的源头将会受到巨大影响,几十亿人口的生命将会受到威胁”。

新当选的西藏流亡政府首相洛桑森格在《焦点》周刊专访中表示:我会继续上届政府的政策,坚持非暴力原则,要求在中国宪法下的真正自治。同时会直截了 当地抨击对西藏占领的不公正、以及文化同化、经济边缘化、环境破坏和政治压迫。我们愿意继续在中国宪法之下寻求解决。[26]

(4)慈悲与怜悯原则。“慈悲与怜悯依其性质是和平与温和的,但它非常有力量,它是一种真实内在的力量,我相信其实践是真正胜利的源泉”;[27] “仇恨不是力量,而是虚弱。佛祖说仇恨并不能经由仇恨终止。恨仅仅是心灵额外的负担。我不相信仇恨,但我坚信真理与正义最终取胜;”[28]

(5)中间道路合作互利原则。“自邓小平承诺‘除了独立任何事情皆可讨论’后,我一直真诚地坚持谋求中间道路方案,首次于1979年提出谈判建议” [29];“我选择一种不要求西藏独立或与中国分离解决西藏问题的方案,坚信有可能找到一个在中国框架内确保西藏人民的基本权利和自由的政治解决”; [30]“我试图做的乃是保护西藏的文化和民族身份,寻找一个西藏和中国相互均能接受互利公平解决问题的方案”;[31]“在努力寻找某种谈判解决问题过 程中,我已限制要求西藏完全独立。历史上和根据国际法西藏是一个被中国占领的独立国家。然而,我采纳了和解与妥协的中间道路方案,寻求和平谈判解决西藏问 题。绝大多数西藏人民渴望重获国家独立,我曾反复公开声明,愿意基于不包括独立的方案进行谈判”;[32] “我不寻求独立。我追求的是西藏人民拥有真正自治以便保护他们的文明和独特的西藏文化,宗教,语言和生活方式使之发展和兴旺。为此目标,西藏人民能够处理 内部事务,自由决定其社会,经济和文化发展是前提”;[33]。“全体西藏人的自我管理和真实的自治,符合中国宪法的规定。它合法,正当和合理反映了海内 外西藏人的强烈愿望”[34]。“绝大多数西藏人民无疑在他们的心中独立是他们的历史和合法的权利”[35]。“从历史上看及根据国际法西藏是一个被中国 占领的独立国家。然而,在过去的15年期间,我业已采纳和解妥协的中间道路方案,旨在寻求一种和平协商方法解决西藏问题”[36]。“西藏是一个有一千多 年历史的独立国家,我相信西藏人民有权追求独立”[37]。“然而,西藏如今在中国的统治下是一个政治现实。因此,为了寻找相互都能接受的解决,我正试图 用中间道路方案解决问题”。[38]“以互利为基础的中间道路精神,是指西藏民族在不违背中国宪法宗旨的情况下,获得名副其实的民族自治地位。基于藏汉民 族眼前和长远的利益,我们明确做出了不寻求独立或分裂的承诺,设法通过名符其实的民族自治解决西藏问题”。[39]“我们关于不寻求西藏独立的立场是非常 清楚透明的。世界上只要了解达赖喇嘛的人,都知道达赖喇嘛是不寻求独立的”。[40]“我们并没有任何隐藏的计划,也绝对没有在得到真正自治后,依此做为 脱离中国跳板的目的”。[41]

注:
[1] The resistance movement with the subsistence support of the U.S. Government was undertaken in Mustang, Nepal, but failed to shake the Chinese forces. When Nixon visited China, the U.S. military assistance to the Tibetan warfare ceased.
[2] The central government wanted the Dalai Lama to abandon his stand to "split the motherland, cease separatist activities, openly admit that Tibet and Taiwan are inalienable parts of China," and that the government of the People's Republic of China is the only legal government representing China, he said. Issues concerning China's territory and sovereignty were non-negotiable; The so-called "Greater Tibet" and "high-level autonomy" violated China's Constitution and only if the Dalai Lama completely abandoned such claims, could there be a foundation for contacts and talks, he said. the Dalai Lama's private representatives refused to "revise a single word" in the "Memorandum for All Tibetans to Enjoy Genuine Autonomy," which they presented at the previous talks, nor to make any concession, Zhu said.
[3] the Dalai Lama said that the situation for Tibetans is deteriorating and that Chinese rule in Tibet is "almost like a death sentence." He now, however, views this "middle way" approach as having failed to produce "positive results," and he is therefore changing his course of action — by stepping back. "My trust in the Chinese government has become thinner, thinner, thinner," the Dalai Lama said to reporters on Monday, reiterating statements he has made over the past week that his faith in Beijing is waning. "I cannot take direct responsibility dealing with the Chinese government," he said. "If I say, 'I think this is better or that is better,' then people may not express freely," he said on Sunday. "Now it's up to the people." http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1855884,00.html#ixzz1QKGf7WeO
[4] The Statement of Dalai Lama on the 41st, Anniversary of Tibetan National Uprising Day on 10 March 2000
[5] The Statement of Dalai Lama on the 38th, Anniversary of Tibetan National Uprising Day on 10 March 1997
[6] Address by Dalai Lama at the Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania 1 October 1991
[7] The Dalai Lama addresses Chinese Students and Scholars
[8] The Statement of Dalai Lama on the 40th, Anniversary of Tibetan National Uprising Day on 10 March 1999
[9] Statement of His Holiness the Dalai Lama on the Forty-Second Anniversary of the Tibetan National Uprising Day on March 10, 2001
[10] Statement of Dalai Lama to the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Danish Parliament Hearing on Tibet Copenhagen, May 13, 1996
[11] The Statement of Dalai Lama on the 3st, Anniversary of Tibetan National Uprising Day on 10 March 1963
[12] "We are carrying our struggle strictly through non-violence. So, in order to carry on a non-violent struggle effectively: education. It is important to have full knowledge about what is the real Buddhist teaching, what is the real Buddhist. Then you will get some kind of conviction," he says. "It is something, not just ancient tradition. But also, in today's world, it is very much relevant."
[13] The Statement of Dalai Lama on the 43st, Anniversary of Tibetan National Uprising Day on 10 March 2002
[14] The Statement of Dalai Lama on the 45st, Anniversary of Tibetan National Uprising Day on 10 March 2004
[15] Statement of His Holiness the Dalai Lama on the Forty-Second Anniversary of the Tibetan National Uprising Day on March 10, 2001
[16] The Statement of Dalai Lama on the 41st, Anniversary of Tibetan National Uprising Day on 10 March 2000
[17] The Statement of Dalai Lama on the 41st, Anniversary of Tibetan National Uprising Day on 10 March 2000
[18] All peoples have the right of self-determination.by virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. Act 1(1) of International Covenant On Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966.and act 1 of International Covenant On Civil and political Rights 1966.The States Parties to the Covenant shall promote the realization of the right of self-determination, and shall respect the rights. Act 1(3) of International Covenant On Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and International Covenant On Civil and Political Rights.
The principle of self-determination of peoples. Act 2 of United Nations Charter 1945.Nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, Act 55 of United Nations Charter.To promote the trust territory toward self-government or independent, Act 76(b) of the United Nation Charter. [19] The Statement of Dalai Lama on the 41st, Anniversary of Tibetan National Uprising Day on 10 March 2000[20] The Statement of Dalai Lama on the 39th. Anniversary of Tibetan National Uprising Day on 10 March 1998
[21] His Holiness the Dalai Lamas nobel lecture University Aula Oslo, December 11th, 1989
[22] The Statement of Dalai Lama on the 41st, Anniversary of Tibetan National Uprising Day on 10 March 2000
[23] The Statement of Dalai Lama on the 39th. Anniversary of Tibetan National Uprising Day on 10 March 1998
[24] His Holiness the Dalai Lamas nobel lecture University Aula Oslo, December 11th, 1989。
陈毅副总理在1956年筹建西藏自治区时曾主张:如果拉萨在未来能够成为所有藏区的自治中心,有利于汉藏之间的友谊和西藏的发展。备忘录写着:“西藏民族在中国范围内享受自治权利时,如果能够统一普及到整个西藏民族地区,将有助于实现具实质意义的民族区域自治。”
[25] 2009年9月28日温哥华“汉藏讨论会”,达赖喇嘛尊者对与会代表提问的回答
[26]“洛桑森格和平争取西藏真正自治” 林泉编译,德国之声2011年5月9日。仲维光先生指出:达赖喇嘛主张的藏区自治,是超越政治从更根本的自然、环境、文化、历史,从生态环境资源保护的角 度,从对中华民族未来发展,藏民族和汉民族如何在藏区共存发展考虑的结果。这是个管理保护长江黄河,也就是中国命脉的最有效的办法。Lobsang Sangay. New elected Tibetan Prime Minister,has previously hinted he could move beyond the Dalai Lama’s “middle way” policy of negotiating for autonomy for Tibet from China. He was a leader of the Tibetan Youth Congress, which demands complete independence and expected to bring in a more radical government-in-exile to challenge China after the Dalai Lama moved to relinquish his political role. ANI ,Exiled Tibetan Government ready for talks with China on Tibet's future, India daily,New Delhi, May 12
[27] Speech of Dalai Lama at the Forum 2000" Conference, Prague, Czech Republic, 3 - 7 September 1997
[28] The Statement of Dalai Lama on the 11st, Anniversary of Tibetan National Uprising Day on 10 March 1971
[29] Speech of Dalai Lama at the Forum 2000" Conference, Prague, Czech Republic, 3 - 7 September 1997。After Deng Xiaoping’s engagement with the Tibetan émigré government, the Tibetan stands shifted from independence to Middle Way approach, seeking genuine autonomy for Tibet under the guidelines of Chinese constitution. Dalai Lama later proclaimed his historic Five Point Peace Plan in U.S. and then Strasbourg proposal in resolving the Tibet issue.
[29] Tibetan Government in Exile is still pursuing the Middle Way approach. But, the younger generations are losing their patience and are reversing their claims to Independent Tibet. Even Dalai Lama enunciated that the ultimate voice of the Tibetan people would be the final voice of Tibet. So, if the Chinese government did not take seriousness in the dialogue, taking into consideration of Dalai Lama’s leadership, it will certainly create more trouble to China in the future. In spite of an unmatchable battle of truth versus false, small versus giant, non violence versus brutal forces, the little ray of light is visible deep in the tunnel of our hope.
[30] The Statement of Dalai Lama on the 40th, Anniversary of Tibetan National Uprising Day on 10 March 1999
[31] The Dalai Lama addresses Chinese Students and Scholars
[32] The Statement of Dalai Lama on the 39th. Anniversary of Tibetan National Uprising Day on 10 March 1998
[33] His Holiness the Dalai Lamas nobel lecture University Aula Oslo, December 11th, 1989
[34] The Statement of Dalai Lama on the 47st, Anniversary of Tibetan National Uprising Day on 10 March 2006
[35] The Statement of Dalai Lama on the 42st, Anniversary of Tibetan National Uprising Day on 10 March 2001
[36] Statement Of His Holiness the Dalai Lamato Hearing on Tibet by The Foreign Affairs Committee Bundestag (German Parliament) – Bonn 19 June, 1995
[37] The Dalai Lama addresses Chinese Students and Scholars
[38] The Dalai Lama addresses Chinese Students and Scholars
[39] 有关全体西藏民族实现名符其实自治的建议,达赖喇嘛特使与中国统战部官员藏中第八次会谈概要
[40] Statement of His Holiness the Dalai Lama on the Forty-Second Anniversary of the Tibetan National Uprising Day on March 10, 2001其实达赖啦嘛对中共实在太宽宏大量,他说“我认为由共产党领导,循序渐进地实现民主比较好。马上可以实施制度透明化,法治化不要控制媒体”。
[41] 有关全体西藏民族实现名符其实自治的建议,达赖喇嘛特使与中国统战部官员藏中第八次会谈概要。Although the majority of the 581 delegates at the conference voted to continue supporting the "middle path" strategy - where Tibetans would accept Chinese sovereignty in exchange for the right to practise their Buddhist religion, culture and language - a substantial minority argued for a peaceful independence movement. Randeep Ramesh,Generations fail to agree on Tibet's future, The Guardian, Monday 24 November 2008

(达赖啦嘛论解决西藏问题的原则 全文完)

(2011/07/08 发表)

(来源 :博讯)